2
  -2022
   

(    )
 :      : 100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.          
2.               
 -
3.               '   
4. -            
 -
5.              '   
6.               
2
-
7.    -        
8.          
  -2022
   

(    )
 :      : 100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.          
:- :         
 , , 
        
 ,   
   , " 
-       
'     " 
       ;  '  
 ?   
       , 
  
       '     
         
1990     ,      '     ,
    ,    -      '  
                ,
     '       ,   
 ,      ,         
2
        '         
               -
    
󷵞󷵟󷵠󷵡󷵢  -     
             
-   ""         -
            ,      
         -    -   
   :    , 
  :     
          ?
       :
.   ,      
.          
.           
   :          
          -       
  ;         ,     
 ,     
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   :   
               
     ,    , , ,    
     
     , , ,   
-     
-19       '       
           
    
      
  :    ,    
  
󷸌󷸍 2.                 
              , , -
             
2
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   : EV  
    
  ?    

    ,
    
           
     ,         
 
      , , ,   
-         ;    

󺅕󺅓󺅖󺅗󺅘󺅔     ?  " "   

-              

                
,           
      , 
      
 ,   ,  , -     
    (  COVID       )
 ,     :
    
      
           
    
    
󹸯󹸭󹸮    :  
.     ;      
.        -      
 
. -   
          
   
.           ;      
󹱑󹱒  -      
    :
󷵄󷵅󷵆󷵇󷵈󷵊󷵉󷵋     
2
.       ,      
.,      ,    (, 
),   (, , )   
.2020  ,       

.-19,   ,    ,     
   
., ,      
.,     ;        
,       
󺈰󺈱󺈲󺈳󺈴󺈵    
   ?
-        :
.  ; 
   

 
    

  ?       ?
.  ;          , 
         
 
.     (    ,   , )  
 ,  
           
  :-  '         :
              :
              
           ,   
   ,   ,  ,  ,  

󷃆󼽢   :   
-        
    
                   
 ,          ,     

    
  
2
    , "        ?" 
 
  : "      
2.               
:          '  : 
 
   , - ,   ,   
        ;    ;  
       ,   ,   
     ,          , 
  
    '  ,    
   
    " "   ,
""      ?
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳      
             ,  
  ,   ,           
     '  '   ,     
        
 
  - ,         -    
  
           |
1.        
               , 
              ,
, ,    
 
2.    
                 
       ,         '  
  
 
3.   '  
       ,    
'   ,
     ,            
             '  

2
4.       
         , ,     
       
?  , ,    
      
5.   '      
         ,     
 
              

 ,      '       ,   ₹100

     

6.         
      
       ,
       ,        
            
7.          
        ;      
           ,  ,   
   
8.      
    ;   ;     ,  
               
        
9.     
        ,       ,
               
 
10.   
                  
                 
 
11.       
   ,         
             

12.   
         ,      
              
   
2
󼨐󼨑󼨒        
"  ;     
"    , -  
            '   

󹵲󹵳󹵴󹵵󹵶󹵷   :      ?
,    ,  ,       
           ,    
  
 ,    
         
   
 -
3.               '  
:          









    
                  
        
         
                

       
  
   
  
             
 
󷆫󷆪 1.     
1950         ,   -  
                :
󹱩󹱪    
󷸌󷸍    
2
󼿝󼿞󼿟  
 -         
     
               

󼿝󼿞󼿟          
             
:
          :
𝑌 = 𝐹 (𝐾,𝐿 )
:
Y = GDP 
K = 
L = 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  
  -     ,      
  :
 ,  
            
 
  -      
      ;     
  :   
      
3.     
       
 1:   
      
 
      ,     
      
  !      (    ),     
      
         
:
2
- :   (k)
Y- :   /   
󹳦󹳤󹳧 :
1. Y:  
2. sY,  
3. (δ + n)k:     
:
sY =   
δk = 
nk =   
  
󷃆󽅕        ,   :  =  + 
    
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  2: -
     
-  :
󺭬󺭭  =  +    
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  :
      ,      
    '         
󼿝󼿞󼿟  3:   
     ()  :
𝑌 = 𝐹 (𝐾,𝐿,𝐴 )
  :
 ,     ,        
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨              
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷      
2


 
, , 
    
  
  
    
 
     
- 
     
 
 
       
󼿰󼿱󼿲     :     
    
            
   
1.     
 
    " "     ,  !   :
, , ,     
         ,       

   -     -      
󽅂 2.         

        
  :
         


, ,       
   ,         
3.     
        

  :
󷆰       
󹵲󹵳󹵴󹵵󹵶󹵷      -   
 
󼩷󼩸󼩹󼩺󼩻     
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  ,        

2
4.      
     
     ,       
  :
           
   , ,   
            '   
5.      
      '      :
       ?
     ,  ?
          

          
 
  ,     
:
            '  
      
     -,   
    -           -
           
󼨐󼨑󼨒  :  , 
    ?
     ?     ,     
       ,     -    
󷕘󷕙󷕚           :
            ,    
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷               ,    
            
4. -            
: -       
   :  
2
             
      :
   , ,       
,    -     ,    
         
 ,    ( )    ( ), 20
    
        :
    -         
?
             -   -
      -  
    
-    :
               
   :
        
         
 ,        
 
       
              
:
1.           ;    '
 ()   

2.      ,      
3.   -   ,        
              

4.       
        


     
    :
2
1. ---   (  )  (v) 
   
,    ,   ₹1    
  ₹5     ,  -  (v) = 5
2.   ()     
  -     
    () = 0.2  20%        
 ₹100  ₹20    
- 
  (G)     :G = S ÷ V
:
G =   
S =    V = - 
    -       
 :-   '  
  -   ,   : -    ( 
 ),    (  )
          
           :
1.    (Ga):     
2.     (Gw):         -    
 
3.    (Gn):     ,     
   
 
        :
              
    :
        ,  , ,   
 
        ,      
 
2
 -     "  " 
 ;     , 
     
        
    , -      
 :
1.    
        
2.  : ,        
3.     ; -     
4.                  

     
    ,       ,       
            
   
?
     
  '  ,       
        
  
  ,  -       :
1.            ,   
  
2.        ,       
   
3.        
  ,  ,  
  
4.           '  ,     
      
     
 ,         ,  - 
 :
2
   
 ()  
       
       
 
 -
5.              '   
: 
   
         ,    
      '   ,    ,  
 ,    ,          
     1960     "   
"         
 ,         , ,  -
   ,             
            
   ,    '   
   '         
  :    
     ',             
       '   ,    
  ,            
, 
 
,     
  '             ,  
 -        
   

           
                
 
                  
 
       
  2: -  - 
    
  -        
   ,           
2
 , ,         
 -     
  ,              
            
 ,
    
         
 ,             
              
      -    
  3: -
           ""     -
               
      '   
              
    10-15%    ,        
                
          
 ,               
         
     
      
  4:     
               
           '  
    

  ,           
             
 ,            
   
 ,            , ,
,       , ,  
           
   :    
           , ,     
       ,  -,    
   
2
  ',            ' 
                ,
       
 ,             
     ,     ,      
  -         
   (   )
        -  '  
               
                 
                 
 ,            
    
      '  ,  
,      '   
,        -     

        ,     '     
    ,   ,    -,  
          
    
 ,     ' 
      ,  
  ' -,     
       ,
            '    
          ,    
 
 
             
   
     ,      ,   
                ' 
;         

          ,      
  ,            
      
 
 ,        -       

    
          
2
6.               
:        :  - 
 - :     
                
                
 :
   (EP)-     '  
   (IS)-           ' 
 
       ,    ;   
       
1.    :  
           
  ,            
        
               
              
     , , ,        
,      , ,       
  
 ,             


,        
      :
          

2. 
  ?
 :  
               
         '     
            
   
  ,      
     '
  
            
           '   
  -   ,      ,     
2
    :
      '  +         
     -
3.       

  
  
 
   
   
 

:  
 :  
 
 ,  , 
, ,    



, , ,

, , 
4.   : 19501970         
,               
           
   
      ,     ,    
   (1980  )       ,  
 ,               
  
5.    :     
 :
  
 
    
 
     
       
:
2
  '   
       
     
6.   :     
 :
  
 
  '   
     
    
:
          
        
        
7.    
     :
   , ,  (, ) '     
    ,          
     
     :
  1950  1980      -     ,
             
             
 
8.    -   
      
        
 , ,           

  :
2
    -  ←→    ←→  
 
  1950-1980       1991  ,    
         '      
 , ,        
9.      
    :
 
   (SEZ)
      
      
   :
 
 
     
MSMEs 
10.   , 
    ?
        
    -  ,
            
  ;      
  ,          '   
                ,
 -  (IS)     -    (EP) '  
 
-
7.    -        
:   :   
2
                

   
             ,
  ,    ,    ,       ,  
      '          
  
    ,  ,    ,      
     -   ,    
          ,       
    
,     
,      
   
 ,               
       
1.   :   
         
    
       
   ,    ,   
     
       ,     
               ,
 , "   , 
         
 "
          :
  , 
    ?
  , ,     
   ?
        ?
  '        '    
      
2.   : -    
  , ,  -          
        -   
            
               
            ,  , 
    ,  ,       '
 
2
          :
         ?
       '    ?
   ?
  '       ,     
            
3.     :    
   
     ,       
 ,       
 ,    ,  
       
           -    
 , -     
            :
     
  
    
   
          :
      ?
  ,    ?
      ?
  '          
4.   :        
   
   '            
 
         
  
 
   
 ,         
             
      "    
   ?"
:
   -         ?
    ,   ?
2
           ?
        '    
  
           
5.   -   
    
  '  : , , ,   
 
             
              
  ,          ,     ,
      
  ,       :

    ?
  ?

           ?
    
            
6.    -     
           
    
             
    
      ,    ,  
               
 ,        
      :
      ?

        ?
      '   ?
             
7.     :     
      
 ,        

,    
    
       
 ,     ;      !
2
      '           ' 
          ,   
  
         :
       ?
       ?

             ?
                  
 
8.        :     
 
              
        
           
              
       
 
          :
      ,        ?
       ?

         ?
           
-     
 ?
        ,      -  

                :
      
        
       
        
        
           
        
2
       
         ,        
              
8.          
:      :       
                
               : 
   '       
      
                ?
        "  "  
               ,  
    ,      
    
    ,       ,  
,   ,         
    ?
    ""    ,     
   
 ,             
   
      :

,    
   ,
  ,
      ,
  '      
             ,    ( 
)   (, , )  
   
 ?
    
 -   - , ,  
 '     :
            ,      
  
2
  '         , 
   
  
      '    ,    
       
                -
     ,        -,    
  
         
    
           ,
      ,      ?   
 '   ,         :
         

            
          ,     
  ,  
  -     , -
    '           
   
 
         ,       
 ,      
    
 ' 
   
  :  
        , -    
        -     
    
                -
             
     -
              
           
  
       -        
           
2
     
              
     -      
-  - :  
    ,         '   :
-  :  ,  -  ,  
      -     '
      ,         

-  :   ,  -    
           ,      
  ,        
             ,    
   '   
        
,        '     - 
   -    ; ,   ;    
       
      
        ,      
 ,  ,
100 
    ,         
       
        
      , 
    '  
              
 ,
          
    
           
  :
 ,   ,           
 
   ,  
  '      '
       ,        

               
         ,      
2
                  -
      ,         
           
 
      ;    '  
        ?
       ,         

:
    -    ,   - 
    
   
         

     ,    -   
  
 ,        -    
           -    
           :      
          :
    ,      - 
   
  '    ,       ,  
-      
  ,    
   ?
         ,   :
-      
 : -        
              
:      - 
            
,          
 ,           
2
             "  " 

;    , ,       ' 

 ,     -    
 ,  
,                
 ,    
      '      
  '  ;    ,      
 !          
"                  

          ,           "